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Alsike Clover
Trifolium hybridum
- CA Bloom May - Jun
- This clover has pink and white flowers, atop long stalks ( pedicels).
- Leaves are in 3s, with no markings, and tiny serrations along the edge.
- Found in disturbed areas below 5,000 feet.
- Not CA native
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A traditional spherical clover flower head, in pink and white, turning brown with age.
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Leaves in 3s, with no markings. Tiny serrations along the edge.
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Flowers are on long stalks ( pedicels). The plant can grow over 1 foot tall.
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Argentinian Biddy Biddy
Acaena californica
CA Bloom Mar - May
Green, red flower
Tiny petals
Alternate, basal leaves
CA native
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Beardless Wild Rye
Elymus triticoides
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This rye has 2-ranked spikelets that connect directly to the stem. There is space between each alternating spikelet.
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Hollow stems (like straws) connect at solid joints. Leaves are about 1/4" wide and a foot long.
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Prominent blue-green leaves are 4-12" long and grow away from the stem. Found in moist habitats with heavy soils.
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Bermuda Grass
Cynodon dactylon
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Spikelets are tiny (<1/10") and purple. Tight colonies of plants are connected by rhizomes and stolons.
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Two rows of spikelets connect to one side of finger-like branches that all join at the top of the stem.
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The ligule is white and hairy. Leaf blades are short, flat and fleshy.
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Bifid Sedge
Carex serratodens
- Perennial Sedge 12"-4 ft.
- Stem cross section triangular
- Inflorescence 1-3"
- No awns
- This sedge has separate spike-like clusters for male and female reproductive parts.
- More on sedges.
- CA native
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The female pistil is protected by a hard, green perigynium. Male anthers form a separate cluster, above.
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The fruit develops inside the perigynium with the stigma lobes remaining, looking like 2 teeth - thus the name.
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Leaves and stem are blue-green. Always found near water.
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Big Squirrel Tail Grass
Elymus multisetus
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Dense inflorescences with long, purplish awns resemble squirrel tails, especially when they mature.
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Here's a closeup of a squirrel tail. It's crowded with spikelets, each producing 8-22 awns!
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Leaves are narrow and long. Found in open, sandy or rocky areas.
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Bigflower Dandelion
Agoseris grandiflora
- CA Bloom Mar - May
- Height 1-3', taller than other bare-stem dandelions.
- The flower head (1.5") and pappus (2") are larger compared to other dandelions.
- The stem is hairy and unbranched.
- Basal leaves are long and narrow. They rise up from the ground.
- Widespread and common on open hills.
- CA native
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Many (over 100) ray flowers are densely packed. Stamen columns are often reddish brown.
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Several layers of red-purple rounded leaf-like phyllaries surround the flower. Note the white soft hair at the base.
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Seeds connect to a flat receptacle. Long white beaks end in tufts to form a big, fluffy sphere, reaching 2" in diameter.
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Bird's Foot Fern
Pellaea mucronata
- A fern, growing to 2 feet tall.
- Fronds form a narrow triangle.
- Leaflets often appear dented, have space between them, and curl under at the edges.
- Found in rocky habits.
- CA native
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Leaflets are separate from each other, and curled under along the edges.
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Underside of leaflet has brown sporangia.
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Frond is triangular in shape, with separate leaflets often looking dented from above.
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Bird's Foot Lotus
Acmispon brachycarpus
- Height 6 in. - 1 ft.
- CA Bloom Mar - Jun
- Yellow flower
- Pea petals
- Alternate leaves
- CA native
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Bird's Foot Trefoil
Lotus corniculatus
- Height to 8 in.
- CA Bloom May - Jul
- Tiny fruit clusters look like a bird's foot.
- Short, thin compound leaves make bundles along the stem.
- Find it in open grasslands, wetlands, and compacted soil along roads and trails.
- Other Trefoils
- Not CA native
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Tiny pea flowers cluster at the end of the stem.
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Each plant is small. See fruit pods on the left, compound leaves in the middle, and a flower cluster on the right.
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Colonies of Bird's Foot Trefoil can be prominent in grasslands. It is sometimes vine-like, with prostrate stems up to 20 inches.
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Blackwood Acacia
Acacia melanoxylon
- Height 50 - 100 ft.
- CA Bloom Feb - Mar
- This acacia tree has twisted reddish-brown pods.
- The trunk has high levels of tannin, which causes dark stains when people handle it (thus Blackwood).
- Generally found in coastal disturbed areas.
- Not CA native
- Somewhat Invasive
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Pale yellow spherical flowers show many stamens. These develop into reddish-brown pods.
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Mature leaves are generally wide but occasionally have divided fern-like tips. Young leaves are divided too.
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Blackwood Acacia grows to be a substantial tree.
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Blow Wives
Achyrachaena mollis
- Height 2 in. - 2 ft.
- CA Bloom Apr - May
- This eye-catching bright-white flower is not a flower at all. As you look closer, you'll see that the "petals" are actually the flat scales of a seed head.
- A California endemic, this plant grows natively nowhere else in the world.
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Here is the classic Blow Wives look. Flat, scaly pappus forms a wind parachute for each seed.
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Yellow or orange ray florets point straight up. Inside them, many disc florets grow without petal-like rays.
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Leaves are narrow and grow up to 6" long. They're erect and fuzzy.
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Blue Fescue
Festuca idahoensis
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Found in dry, open or shady places, Blue Fescue may appear bluer than plants around it.
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Spikelets are about 1/2" long. There's enough room between spikelets to see wavy branches.
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Spikelets are flattish, with 2-ranked florets. They're held close to the stem until mature. Awns are thread-like.
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Blue Gum
Eucalyptus globulus
- Height to 200 ft.
- CA Bloom Oct - Mar
- Flower nestled between stem and leaf.
- Leaves long, thin and dark green.
- Common, found in disturbed areas.
- Not CA native
- Somewhat Invasive
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Flower has many white stamens surrounding a central knob, and smells of honey.
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Mature leaves are narrow and curved, growing to a foot long. Woody fruits with 5 notches, grow to 1 inch across.
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Heavy trunks with bark that peals in large strips.
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Blue-Eyed Grass
Sisyrinchium bellum
- Height 1 - 2 ft.
- CA Bloom Mar - May
- This is not a grass but an iris.
- At the top of each stem are violet flowers with darker purple lines leading to a yellow center.
- It's common in open, usually moist areas.
- CA native. Endemic to the California Floristic Province.
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Beautiful 1/2" wide flowers have blue to violet petals and a golden yellow center to guide pollinators in.
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Leaves are grass-like, narrow with parallel veins.
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The ovary is below the flower and, if pollinated, develops into a capsule-like fruit.
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Boccone's Sand Spurry
Spergularia bocconi
CA Bloom Apr - May
Pink, white flower
Five petals
Opposite leaves
Not CA native
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Bristly Ox-Tongue
Helminthotheca echioides
- Height to 7 ft.
- CA Bloom Jun - Dec
- A tall dandelion-like flower, covered in bristles.
- Leaves have large bumps on them.
- Lots of seed in the fall - you'll see it blowing in the air.
- Not CA native.
- Somewhat Invasive
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Leaves have stiff bristles and bumps, giving it its name. Dandelion-like flowers top each branch.
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Dandelion-like flowers are surrounded by distinctive, triangular, upward pointing, bristly green bracts.
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Plants are tall, with many branches.
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Broadleaf Dock
Rumex obtusifolius
CA Bloom Jun - Dec
Brown, green, red flower
Tiny petals
Alternate, basal leaves
Disturbed
Not CA native
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Brome Fescue
Festuca bromoides
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Brome Fescue is a short grass with small spikelets that turn a straw-like color as they age. Fescue is Latin for "straw".
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Each floret produces an awn about the length of the rest of the spikelet.
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The inflorescence is densely populated with spikelets on short stalks. Spikelets and awns point sideways as they mature, giving a tangled appearance.
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Brownie Thistle
Cirsium quercetorum
- CA Bloom May - July
- Grasslands and brushy slopes near the coast.
- Brown flower color.
- Grows low to the ground.
- Puckered, spiny leaves on the ground.
- Found only in CA
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Brown flower color.
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Leaves puckered, with long spines
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Grows low to the ground.
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Bull Thistle
Cirsium vulgare
- CA Bloom June - Sept
- This thistle has spiny everything.
- A pear-shaped spiny base supports a 2-inch-tall purple flower.
- Dead flowers with many spines stay on the plant for a long time.
- Bull Thistle is common in disturbed areas.
- Not CA native.
- Moderately Invasive
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A fairly thin pear-shaped spiny bulge below flower is a good way to distinguish this species.
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Bull Thistle has big spines all the way up the stem, on the leaves, and around the flower.
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Here is a basal rosette of thick, toothed leaves.
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California Blackberry
Rubus ursinus
- Height 3 - 6 ft.
- CA Bloom Feb - May
- This shrub forms an impenetrable thicket of branches, full of narrow prickles.
- You'll notice bright white flowers with many stamens.
- Found in canyons, coastal stream banks and disturbed areas
- CA native
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Separate petals, with green leafy sepals in between. This male flower has many stamens.
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Prickles are short, narrow, and plentiful. Himalayan Blackberry has wider, longer, and less densely-packed prickles.
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Red fruit turns black with maturity. Leaves in 3s, coarsely toothed, are hairy and have spines. Veins are indented on the leaves.
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California Brome Grass
Bromus sitchensis var. carinatus
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Spikelets attach to the stem on branches. Glumes are short, revealing 5-10 florets above them.
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Florets form a flat, woven pattern, each with a 1/2" awn.
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Long leaves and inflorescences give this a classic bunch grass look.
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California Cottonrose
Logfia filaginoides
CA Bloom Mar - Jun
Green flower
Tiny petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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California Gilia
Gilia achilleifolia
CA Bloom Feb - Apr
Blue, violet, white flower
Five petals
Alternate, basal leaves
Coastal
CA native
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California Honeysuckle
Lonicera hispidula
- CA Bloom Apr - Jul
- This is a woody vine that can climb 30 feet into trees. You'll notice them hanging down from branches.
- Vines end in pink trumpet flowers whose lips fold back to reveal long stamens.
- Common in canyons, stream sides and woodlands, especially near the coast.
- CA native. Endemic to the California Floristic Province.
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Vines end in pink flowers, full of nectar (thus, Honeysuckle). Hummingbird and bees pollinate the flowers in their search for the nectar.
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Pollinated flowers turn into bright-red translucent berries.
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Leaves near the flower wrap around the stem. Leaves further down are opposite.
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California Man-Root
Marah fabacea
- Height to 20 ft.
- CA Bloom Mar - Apr
- A vine, often climbing 15 or 20 feet, with curlicue tendrils for gripping.
- The root, a tuber, is massive. It can be 5 feet long and weigh over 100 pounds.
- It is widespread in California.
- Similar to Coast Manroot.
- CA native - found only in California.
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This is a vine with many small white-yellow flowers of 5 or 6 petals. Fruit is a sphere with prickles.
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Many tendrils off the stem make it a great climber.
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Fruit is large, about 2 inches across, with thin prickles.
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California Melic
Melica californica
- Perennial Bunch Grass 16"-5 ft.
- Inflorescence 2-13"
- No awns
- CA Bloom Jun - Aug
- Found in open or rocky hillsides, oak woodlands, and conifer forests.
- This grass is a favorite with landscape gardeners.
- More about Melica.
- CA native.
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California Melic is an erect plant with ascending, flat leaves. Spikelets lie close to the stem, making a narrow cylinder.
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Melica spikelets are oval and cylindrical, not flattened like most other grasses. Each spikelet has 2-5 florets. At maturity, anthers emerge to release pollen on the wind.
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Thin spikelet branches run along the stem. Glumes at the base of each spikelet are papery and become purple with time. There are no awns.
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California Mustard
Caulanthus lasiophyllus
- CA Bloom Mar - Jun
- Flowers with 4 widely-separated petals mark this as a Mustard Family plant.
- It's smaller in stature than our vigorous non-native mustards.
- CA native
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Compared to our non-native mustards, California Mustard has fewer, smaller, generally white flowers.
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Seed pods are quite narrow and long.
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The whole plant gives a linear apearance.
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California Oatgrass
Danthonia californica
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This bunch grass has flat leaves, about 8" long. Flowering stems arch outwards from the plant center.
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Only 3-6 spikelets in a short inflorescence (about 2"). Branches are flexible and longer than the spikelets.
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Mature spikelets open up, with glumes longer than individual florets. There are 3-8 florets per spikelet.
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California Plantain
Plantago erecta
- CA Bloom Mar - Apr
- About 4" tall.
- Tiny flowers are beautiful when viewed with a magnifying glass.
- A basal rosette of very narrow leaves grows up to 5 inches long.
- The entire plant is hairy.
- Found in open or gravelly areas, often on serpentine.
- CA native
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This plant is smaller than other plantains, perhaps 4 inches tall. It has long, narrow erect leaves.
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Tiny 4-petaled flowers form a tight cluster at the top of the stem.
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California Plantain can grow in dense patches.
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California Sagebrush
Artemisia californica
- Height 1 - 8 ft.
- CA Bloom Apr - Oct
- Strong spicy smell
- Tiny pale blue-green leaves are threadlike and evergreen
- Flowers are very tiny and yellow-green.
- Widespread, including in very hot and dry places.
- CA native. Endemic to the California Floristic Province.
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Leaves are very narrow and aromatic. Super tiny flowers cluster in a bowl of phyllaries.
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Sagebrush starts branching right at the ground, creating a thick dome shape.
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Sagebrush is often paler than the vegetation around it.
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Cardinal Catchfly
Silene laciniata
CA Bloom Apr - Jul
Red flower
Five petals
Opposite leaves
Coastal
CA native
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Checker Bloom
Sidalcea malviflora
- CA Bloom May - Aug
- Flower petals pink, strongly veined, squared off at the end, 1/2" to 1" long each.
- A perennial flower, often with a woody base.
- Leaves vary greatly, with basal leaves fairly round and upper leaves deeply cut.
- Found in grasslands, woodlands and scrub to 7,500 feet.
- CA native
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Five pink petals with radiating lines on each petal.
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Basal leaves round and not deeply cut.
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Deeply cut leaves.
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Cheeseweed
Malva parviflora
CA Bloom Mar - Oct
Pink, violet, white flower
Five petals
Alternate leaves
Disturbed
Not CA native
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Chick Lupine
Lupinus microcarpus
CA Bloom May - Jun
Pink, violet, white, yellow flower
Pea petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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Chickweed
Stellaria media
- CA Bloom Feb - Sep
- This low-lying plant forms green mats with distinctive white flowers.
- Each petal is deeply divided, making a "mouse ears" effect.
- Opposite leaves have obvious veins.
- Found in disturbed areas in woodlands and meadows.
- Not CA native
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5 deeply lobed white petals often look like 10. Green pointed sepals between the petals.
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Opposite leaves are oval and come to a point.
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Grows to a foot or so. Lies along the ground in dense mats.
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Chilean Trefoil
Acmispon wrangelianus
- CA Bloom Mar - Apr
- This pea plant is decumbent (growing along the ground) and short (less than 1 foot long)
- Pea pods are small - less than 3/4" long.
- They're abundant on coastal bluffs, chaparral, and disturbed areas.
- Other Trefoils
- CA native
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Single yellow pea flowers are small, less than 1/2" long. Leaves and stems have soft hairs.
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Leaflets are in asymmetrical groups of four. Pea pods have a curved beak at their tips.
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The stem branches near its base. Single flowers and pea pods grow from leaf axils.
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Climbing Bedstraw
Galium porrigens
- Height to 5 ft.
- CA Bloom Feb - Apr
- Climbing Bedstraw loves to climb, using prickly hairs along its stem and leaves.
- It has whorls of four leaves, regularly spaced along the stem.
- Bedstraw grows from a woody base, creating new vine-like stems each season.
- Found among shrubs in chaparral and forest.
- CA native. Found only in California and nearby.
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Look for whorled leaves in groups of 4, small yellow flowers with 4 petals, a square stem, and white berries.
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Petals are only 1/2" long, but flowers are even smaller, about 1/10" across.
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Flowers are tiny but showy, with red and yellow parts.
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Clustered Clover
Trifolium glomeratum
CA Bloom Mar - Jun
Pink, white flower
Irreg petals
Alternate leaves
Not CA native
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Coast Dandelion
Agoseris apargioides var. apargioides
- Height 4 in. - 2 ft.
- CA Bloom May - Aug
- Yellow flower heads grow atop a bare stalk with no leaves or branches.
- Leaves grow only at the base of the plant.
- This plant is found on dunes and sandhills.
- CA native
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The flower head is of medium size, about 3/4". Many yellow rays often have purple markings underneath.
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Basal leaves lie flat against the ground in a rosette. They're often hairy.
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Unlike many dandelions, fruits do not grow beaks, so the pappus lies close to the seeds.
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Coast Live Oak
Quercus agrifolia
- CA Bloom Feb - Mar
- Live Oaks are heavy-limbed trees.
- Leaf edges may be toothed or totally smooth.
- Trunks are sliver grey and fairly reflective. Even craggy bark shows some silver surfaces.
- Commonly found near the coast from Mendocino county to Baja California.
- CA Native
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When unrestricted, these oaks grow wide and tall, with a thick canopy of evergreen, leathery leaves.
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Leaves typically have spiny edges, although some have smooth edges.
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Male flowers are pale green. Female flowers are small, forming at the base of new leaves.
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Coast Range Melic
Melica imperfecta
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This bunch grass has flat leaves that come from the base. Spikelet clusters are dense and spike-like until maturity, when they open up and show their branches.
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Glumes at the base of spikelets are papery and translucent.
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Spikelets are short (< 1/3") with one or two florets and no awns.
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Coastal Wood Fern
Dryopteris arguta
- Height 1 - 3 ft.
- Wood Fern fronds feel tough. Leaflets often have toothed, bristly tips.
- Fronds are widest at the base, each making a long triangular shape.
- Segments often turn slightly, so the overall frond is not flat.
- Found in well-drained woodlands, primarily along the coast.
- CA native
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Fronds are widest at the base. Leathery segments often twist.
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Underneath the leaflets you'll find horseshoe-shaped sori.
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This evergreen fern grows year round, but will drop its leaves in drought conditions.
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Coffeeberry
Frangula californica
- CA Bloom Jun - Aug
- Yellow-green flowers in clusters at the base of leaves.
- Leaves long and pointed, with small serrations on the edges.
- Stems often red.
- Canyons coastal slopes
- CA native
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Flowers 5 petals, white or greenish.
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Leaves are long and pointed, with a strong central vein.
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Berries go through several colors and end up red or black.
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Common Bedstraw
Galium aparine
- Height to 3 ft.
- CA Bloom Apr - May
- 6 to 8 narrow leaves make whorls around the stem.
- Flowers are tiny, white and 4-petaled.
- This plant is covered with hooked hairs.
- CA native
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Bedstraw has whorled leave and tiny white flowers. It is covered with hairs that stick to passers by.
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Leaves are typically in groups of 6, wider at the end than at the stem.
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Tiny, four-petal flowers form clusters above the whorls.
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Common Bog Rush
Juncus effusus
- Perennial Rush to 4 ft.
- Stem cross section is round with grooves
- Inflorescence branched 1-2"
- No awns
- CA Bloom Jun - Aug
- This water-loving rush grows in tight clumps from stout rhizomes.
- Found in wetlands, along streams, and in marshes.
- CA native
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Yellow-brown flowers appear at the top of the stem, with a stem-like bract proceeding above it. The stem is grooved, the bract is not.
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Brown leaf sheaths grow at the base of stem, but create no leaf blades.
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This rather tall rush is found on lake shores, wet pastures. Some subspecies are native, others weedy.
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Common Horsetail
Equisetum arvense
CA Bloom Mar - May
Streambanks
CA native
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Common Verbena
Verbena lasiostachys
CA Bloom Apr - Sep
Pink, violet flower
Five petals
Opposite leaves
CA native
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Cootamundra Wattle
Acacia baileyana
CA Bloom Feb - Apr
Yellow flower
Tiny petals
Alternate, opposite leaves
Not CA native
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Coulter Pine
Pinus coulteri
- CA Bloom May - Jun
- Needles in 3s, 6 to 12 inches long.
- Heavy pine cones grow at the top of the tree.
- Primarily found on slopes of southern California coastal ranges, with a scattering in East Bay parks near San Francisco.
- CA native
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Long, thick gray-green needles (6 - 12 inches) in groups of 3.
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Cone is the heaviest of any pine, growing to 16 inches and weighing up to 11 pounds!
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A heavily-trunked tree, growing to 40 feet with uplifted branches.
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Cow Parsnip
Heracleum maximum
- CA Bloom Jun - Jul
- Flowers cluster in an umbrella shape ( umbel), from 6 to 10" across.
- Leaves are big - up to 12 inches across.
- Flowers turn to sunflower-like seeds in August
- Found in open moist places.
- CA native
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White flowers form a cluster that looks like a flat-topped umbrella (called an umbel). Notice the odd-looking sheath at the base of the flower stalk.
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Individual tiny flowers are grouped in tiny balls (a second umbel).
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Stems are hollow on this 12-foot-tall plant. It is named Heracleum because of all its large parts.
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Coyote Brush
Baccharis pilularis
- CA Bloom Sep - Jan
- Coyote Brush, a common evergreen shrub, is often the tallest plant in its neighborhood.
- Its leaves are distinctive, sort of rectangular and with bumpy sides.
- Male flowers grow on separate plants from female.
- CA native
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Coyote Brush has many 1-inch green leaves growing on a thicket of brittle, woody branches.
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1-inch leaves are leathery and stay wide until the very end. Their margins show triangular bumps.
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In the winter, pollinated flowers develop seeds that float away on the wind.
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Coyote Mint
Monardella villosa
- CA Bloom Jun - Aug
- The scientific name villosa is Latin for "roughly hairy".
- Hairs have glands at their end which have oily cells that emit a minty smell.
- This mint is widespread in Oregon and California. It varies by location, and has several subspecies.
- CA native
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Many narrow-petaled flowers form a cluster about 1 inch across.
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Each flower has its base covered with 5 mostly-fused sepals. The flower cluster has a couple of layers of leaf-like bracts below it.
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Bees and butterflies love this plant which provides generous amounts of nectar.
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Curly Dock
Rumex crispus
CA Bloom Jan - Dec
Green, white flower
Tiny petals
Alternate leaves
Disturbed
Not CA native Somewhat Invasive
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Cut Leaved Geranium
Geranium dissectum
- CA Bloom Mar - Oct
- Look for a small, lavender flower above deeply cut, roundish leaves.
- Leaves are hairy.
- Found in oak woodlands and mixed evergreens.
- Not CA native
- Somewhat Invasive
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Small lavender flowers grow about deeply cut leaves.
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Each petal has a rounded notch in its end, and darker lines pointing to the center. Anthers are blue.
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Fruits have beaks like other geraniums, but often with curly-cues near the end.
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Deerweed
Acmispon glaber
CA Bloom Mar - Aug
Orange, yellow flower
Pea petals
Alternate leaves
Coastal slopes
CA native
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Deerweed (1)
Acmispon glaber var. glaber
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Small yellow and orange pea flowers radiate off a slender-but-stiff green stem.
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Leaflets are generally in threes, and are a favorite with deer. Stems are green.
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Lots of branches create a bushy look, full of green, yellow and orange.
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Dense Flower Owl's Clover
Castilleja densiflora
- CA Bloom Mar - May
- Owl's Clover is not a clover at all, but a paintbrush.
- Flowers and colorful bracts form a dense, round-topped cluster.
- Leaves are alternate, narrow, and sometimes forked.
- Found on grassy hillsides, this plant is a larval food for the federally threatened Bay Checkerspot Butterfly.
- Compare to Purple Owl's Clover
- CA native
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Note white pouches with purple "owl's eyes" on them. Leaves are narrow.
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Flowers have a narrow beak above the white spotted pouches.
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Found on grassy hillsides, it does well in serpentine soils.
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Dogtail Grass
Cynosurus echinatus
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Dense, awned spikelets are generally packed on one side of the stem in a short cluster.
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As spikelets mature, the awns point in all directions. Some spikelets have 1-5 fertile florets and others have 6-18 infertile florets.
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Leaves are prominent and rough.
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