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Alkali Bulrush
Bolboschoenus maritimus
- CA Bloom Aug - Sep
- Flat, narrow stems to about four feet tall.
- Found near the edge of salt water.
- Widespread in California and around the world.
- CA native
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Flowers dark brown with tan bristles.
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Flowers group in the joint of flat stems.
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Stands erect with noticeable brown flowers
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Alkali Mallow
Malvella leprosa
- CA Bloom Apr - Oct
- White to yellow mallow-shaped flower grows pink with age.
- Grows along the ground to perhaps 16 inches long, on hairy stems.
- Leaves are alternate, hairy, and with toothed or wavy margins.
- Grows quickly beside agricultural fields.
- CA native
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5 petals form a cup, starting out white or yellow and turning pink with age. Stem is hairy and grows along the ground.
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Leaves have wavy edges, growing to over an inch wide.
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Grows rapidly in alkaline (salty) soils. Often found near agricultural fields.
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American Vetch
Vicia americana ssp. americana
- Height 1 - 2 ft.
- CA Bloom May - Jun
- Flowers with pink, violet and white parts.
- Tendrils, modified leaves, allow the plant to climb on others.
- The vine stem can grow to 4 feet long, but the plant is generally under 2 feet tall.
- Alternate compound leaves.
- Widespread understory plant.
- CA native
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Small but bright flowers
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Lots of small compound leaflets.
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Long thin leaves and purple flowers make this a vetch.
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Annual Beard Grass
Polypogon monspeliensis
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Annual Beard Grass is topped by large, fluffy spikes. They're framed by flat, rough, green leaves to 8" long.
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Soft, dense spikelets are green until they mature. There are lots of spikelets in the spike, each producing 3 awns.
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Long awns let light through around the edge but the center is opaque.
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Annual June Grass, Bristly Koeleria
Koeleria gerardii
CA Bloom Apr - Jul
Not CA native
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Australian Fireweed
Senecio glomeratus
- CA Bloom Apr - Sep
- Yellow composite flowers group at the top of a branched 6 foot plant.
- Leaves are alternate and deeply lobed.
- Found in disturbed sites below 1,000 feet, generally near the coast.
- Not CA native
- Moderately Invasive
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Composite flowers group at the top of the stem. They have no "petals" ( ray flowers).
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Leaves clasp the stem, grow to about 6 inches, and are deeply lobed.
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Grows to 6 feet or so, with lots of flowers near the top of the stem.
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Bearded Clover
Trifolium barbigerum
- Height to 1 ft.
- CA Bloom Feb - May
- Brown, pink, violet, white flower
- Irreg petals
- Alternate leaves
- CA native
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Bearded Sprangletop
Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis
CA Bloom Jun - Oct
CA native
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Beardless Wild Rye
Elymus triticoides
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This rye has 2-ranked spikelets that connect directly to the stem. There is space between each alternating spikelet.
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Hollow stems (like straws) connect at solid joints. Leaves are about 1/4" wide and a foot long.
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Prominent blue-green leaves are 4-12" long and grow away from the stem. Found in moist habitats with heavy soils.
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Bee Plant
Scrophularia californica
- Height 2 - 4 ft.
- CA Bloom Feb - May
- Bee plant is tall, with prominent triangular leaves and tiny brownish-red flowers.
- Small flowers are less than 1/2" across and have a nectar disk to reward pollinating bees.
- Opposite leaves have stalks that connect to the stem.
- Found in moist places below 8,000 feet.
- CA native
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This view of the flower from below shows two rounded petals on top, two side petals, and one folded out like a tongue.
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A square stem supports large, opposite, toothed leaves. This might make you think "Mint" but it's not.
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Bee Plant grows several feet high with opposite, narrow leaves sticking straight out. Flowers are on horizontal stalks near the top.
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Big Leaf Mistletoe
Phoradendron leucarpum ssp. macrophyllum
Shrub
Green flower
Tiny petals
Opposite leaves
CA native
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Big Scale Balsam Root
Balsamorhiza macrolepis
CA Bloom Mar - Jun
Yellow flower
Many petals
Basal leaves
Slopes
CA native Endangered (CNPS 1B)
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Big Tarweed
Blepharizonia plumosa
CA Bloom Jul - Oct
CA native Endangered (CNPS 1B)
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Big-Leaf Maple
Acer macrophyllum
- Height 50 - 100 ft.
- CA Bloom Apr - May
- You'll probably notice the maple leaves first; they're large and grow opposite each other.
- Leaves are green in the summer, yellow in the fall, and absent in the winter.
- In spring, small greenish-yellow flowers hang in clusters below newly emerging leaves.
- Big Leaf Maples do well near water and in dappled shade.
- CA native
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Leaves are quite large, up to 12" wide, with deep indents. No other maple in the U.S. has leaves this big.
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Flower clusters droop from emerging leaves.
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Two winged fruits grow side by side, creating a helicopter-like lift when they're blown away on the wind.
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Bioletti Cudweed
Pseudognaphalium biolettii
- CA Bloom Jan - May
- Flowers are white on the outside and yellow on the inside.
- Alternate leaves are wide at the base and clasp the stem.
- Leaves and stem are covered with short fine hair, not sticky but sharply scented.
- Found in coastal chaparral and in mixed evergreens in the foothills.
- CA native
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Shiny papery phyllaries surround tiny yellow aster flowers.
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Many tiny brown fruits.
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Grows to 3 feet, sometimes woody at the base.
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Bird's Foot Lotus
Acmispon brachycarpus
- Height 6 in. - 1 ft.
- CA Bloom Mar - Jun
- Yellow flower
- Pea petals
- Alternate leaves
- CA native
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Black Cottonwood
Populus trichocarpa
- CA Bloom Feb - Apr
- A large riparian tree with alternate leaves
- Leaf stems are round (Fremont Cottonwood's is flattened).
- Widely distributed in California, except the central valley.
- CA native
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Leaf tops are glossy dark-green. Undersides are pale. Leaves are long and pointed, with small teeth on the edge.
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Alternating secondary veins connect to a central one.
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Grows near running water. Trunks get very large, and the tree height often exceeds 100 feet.
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Black Mustard
Brassica nigra
CA Bloom Apr - Jul
Yellow flower
Four petals
Alternate leaves
Not CA native Moderately Invasive
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Blue Elderberry
Sambucus mexicana
- CA Bloom Mar - Jul
- A large shrub with clusters of white flowers, plus compound leaves indicate an Elderberry.
- Berries are black but appear blue because of a waxy covering.
- Grey bark with vertical furrows.
- Common on stream banks and open places in forests.
- CA native
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White flat-topped clusters of flowers are easy to spot.
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Berries with a waxy covering makes them look powdery.
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Compound leaves with 5 - 9 toothed leaflets.
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Blue-Eyed Grass
Sisyrinchium bellum
- Height 1 - 2 ft.
- CA Bloom Mar - May
- This is not a grass but an iris.
- At the top of each stem are violet flowers with darker purple lines leading to a yellow center.
- It's common in open, usually moist areas.
- CA native. Endemic to the California Floristic Province.
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Beautiful 1/2" wide flowers have blue to violet petals and a golden yellow center to guide pollinators in.
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Leaves are grass-like, narrow with parallel veins.
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The ovary is below the flower and, if pollinated, develops into a capsule-like fruit.
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Bog Yellowcress
Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris
CA Bloom Apr - Jun
Yellow flower
Four petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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Box Elder
Acer negundo
- Height 25 - 66 ft.
- CA Bloom Feb - Mar
- Opposite leaves
- Streambanks
- CA native
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Branched Indian Clover
Trifolium dichotomum
CA Bloom Mar - May
Black, brown, pink, white flower
Irreg petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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Branching Phacelia
Phacelia ramosissima
CA Bloom May - Aug
Violet, white flower
Five petals
Alternate leaves
Coastal
CA native
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Brewer's Ragwort
Packera breweri
CA Bloom Apr - May
Yellow flower
Many petals
Alternate, basal leaves
Slopes
CA native
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Brewer's Rock Cress
Boechera breweri
CA Bloom Feb - May
Violet flower
Four petals
Alternate, basal leaves
Slopes
CA native
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Brewer's Rockcress
Boechera breweri ssp. breweri
CA Bloom Feb - May
Violet flower
Four petals
Alternate, basal leaves
CA native
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Brewer's Saltbrush
Atriplex lentiformis
CA Bloom Jun - Jul
Yellow flower
Tiny petals
Alternate leaves
Coastal salt-marsh
CA native
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Bristly Linanthus
Leptosiphon aureus
CA Bloom Mar - Jun
Pink, white, yellow flower
Five petals
Opposite leaves
CA native Uncommon (CNPS 4)
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Bristly Ox-Tongue
Helminthotheca echioides
- Height to 7 ft.
- CA Bloom Jun - Dec
- A tall dandelion-like flower, covered in bristles.
- Leaves have large bumps on them.
- Lots of seed in the fall - you'll see it blowing in the air.
- Not CA native.
- Somewhat Invasive
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Leaves have stiff bristles and bumps, giving it its name. Dandelion-like flowers top each branch.
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Dandelion-like flowers are surrounded by distinctive, triangular, upward pointing, bristly green bracts.
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Plants are tall, with many branches.
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Brittle Leaf Manzanita
Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. crustacea
- Height 3 - 10 ft.
- CA Bloom Jan - Mar
- Leaves stick out from the hairy stem.
- Alternate leaves dark green above, and light green below.
- Big bunches of tiny flowers, hanging down from stalk-like pedicels.
- Fruit is red and spherical with flat spot. Not sticky.
- CA native
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Leaves are relatively big (2" long). Flowers are tiny in large bunches.
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Early flower development shows red bracts. Leaves of ssp. crustacea have almost no hair on the bottom.
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Look for a prominent burl at the base of the plant.
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Broadfruit Bur Reed
Sparganium eurycarpum var. eurycarpum
CA Bloom Jun - Jul
Black, brown, green, pink, white, yellow flower
Tiny petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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Brome Fescue
Festuca bromoides
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Brome Fescue is a short grass with small spikelets that turn a straw-like color as they age. Fescue is Latin for "straw".
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Each floret produces an awn about the length of the rest of the spikelet.
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The inflorescence is densely populated with spikelets on short stalks. Spikelets and awns point sideways as they mature, giving a tangled appearance.
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Bulbous Blue Grass
Poa bulbosa
- Perennial 6-24"
- Inflorescence branched 1-4"
- No awns
- CA Bloom May - Jun
- Stems have a bulbous section at their base that can break off to form a new plant.
- Some plants have bi-sexual florets. Others have aerial bulblets that are self pollinated.
- Not CA native
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Most California plants have self-pollinated aerial bulblets with shoots already growing out of them.
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The base of the stem also has bulblets that divide to create new plants.
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This weedy bluegrass can dominate roadsides, overgrazed pastures and other disturbed areas.
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Bull Mallow
Malva nicaeensis
CA Bloom Mar - May
Pink, violet, white flower
Five petals
Alternate leaves
Disturbed
Not CA native
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Bull Thistle
Cirsium vulgare
- CA Bloom June - Sept
- This thistle has spiny everything.
- A pear-shaped spiny base supports a 2-inch-tall purple flower.
- Dead flowers with many spines stay on the plant for a long time.
- Bull Thistle is common in disturbed areas.
- Not CA native.
- Moderately Invasive
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A fairly thin pear-shaped spiny bulge below flower is a good way to distinguish this species.
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Bull Thistle has big spines all the way up the stem, on the leaves, and around the flower.
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Here is a basal rosette of thick, toothed leaves.
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Bur Reed
Sparganium eurycarpum var. greenei
CA Bloom Jun - Jul
Black, brown, green, pink, white, yellow flower
Tiny petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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Butter And Eggs
Triphysaria eriantha
CA Bloom Feb - Apr
Pink, white, yellow flower
Three petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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California Aster
Symphyotrichum chilense
CA Bloom Jul - Aug
Blue, pink, violet, white flower
Many petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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California Aster (1)
Corethrogyne filaginifolia
CA Bloom Jun - Oct
Pink, violet, white flower
Many petals
Alternate leaves
Dunes coastal
CA native
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California Brome
Bromus sitchensis var. carinatus
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Spikelets attach to the stem on branches. Glumes are short, revealing 5-10 florets above them.
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Florets form a flat, woven pattern, each with a 1/2" awn.
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Long leaves and inflorescences give this a classic bunch grass look.
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California Buckeye
Aesculus californica
- Height 12 - 40 ft.
- CA Bloom May - Jul
- Buckeye trees are conspicuous from afar; pale green leaves in early spring, full of flowers in early summer, and bare-branched well before other trees lose their leaves in the fall.
- Each aromatic flower has 4 pink or white petals and long stamens.
- The fruit resembles a buck's eye - brown and about 2 inches across.
- CA native
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Buckeye trees become covered with columns of sweet-smelling flowers.
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5-part compound leaves are palmate (shaped like a hand). Leaf edges are finely-toothed and bud in early February.
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Trees in the open form a dome shape, often growing 40 feet tall and 40 feet wide. They can live 250 years.
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California Buckwheat
Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum
- CA Bloom Jun - Aug
- The beautiful pink and white flower display is easy to find.
- Leaves are narrow and rolled under, clustering near the base of the stem.
- A shrubby bush growing to 6 feet high and 9 feet across.
- CA native
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Flowers are pink and white, growing in spherical clusters at the top of stems.
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Leaves are leathery and roll under at the edge. The underside is wooly.
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Leaves cluster near the bottom of the stem, and flowers at the top.
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California Bulrush
Schoenoplectus californicus
CA Bloom May - Jun
Freshwater-marsh
CA native
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California Burclover
Medicago polymorpha
- CA Bloom Feb - Jun
- This is not a true clover but rather a close relative of Alfalfa, in the Medicago genus.
- Look for slender-toothed stipules that encircle the stem where stalks meet it.
- Not CA native
- Somewhat Invasive
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3 or 4 yellow pea flowers cluster at the end of a long stalk. Leaflets have serrated edges.
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Burclover tends to run along the ground. The 3 clover-like leaflets are separate from one another. Flowers, fruits and leaves are on stalks.
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Pollinated ovules enlarge into tightly coiled pea pods with burs that stick out. The burs catch on passing animals, distributing the seeds to new areas.
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California Cottonrose
Logfia filaginoides
CA Bloom Mar - Jun
Green flower
Tiny petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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California Cudweed
Pseudognaphalium californicum
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Each tiny pineapple-shaped flower head is wrapped in white papery phyllaries and contains over 100 minute yellow flowers.
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Leaves are narrow and pointed, growing to 4 inches long. They're smaller higher on the stem.
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Branching stems grow erect, each topped with whitish flower heads.
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California Four O'clock
Mirabilis laevis var. crassifolia
CA Bloom Dec - Jun
Pink, white flower
Five petals
Opposite leaves
CA native
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California Goldenrod
Solidago velutina ssp. californica
CA Bloom Jul - Oct
Yellow flower
Many petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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California Hazelnut
Corylus cornuta ssp. californica
- CA Bloom Jan - Mar
- This shrub has open branching, and grows to 10 feet.
- Leaves are soft, alternate, and deeply veined.
- The stem changes direction at each leaf node.
- Found on stream banks and slopes
- CA native
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Soft fuzzy leaves have toothed edges. Veins are indented. Leaves fall off in the winter.
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The flower matures to a hazelnut, protected by a hard shell and fuzzy sheath.
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Male catkins form in the fall and last until spring.
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California Honeysuckle
Lonicera hispidula
- CA Bloom Apr - Jul
- This is a woody vine that can climb 30 feet into trees. You'll notice them hanging down from branches.
- Vines end in pink trumpet flowers whose lips fold back to reveal long stamens.
- Common in canyons, stream sides and woodlands, especially near the coast.
- CA native. Endemic to the California Floristic Province.
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Vines end in pink flowers, full of nectar (thus, Honeysuckle). Hummingbird and bees pollinate the flowers in their search for the nectar.
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Pollinated flowers turn into bright-red translucent berries.
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Leaves near the flower wrap around the stem. Leaves further down are opposite.
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California Mustard
Caulanthus lasiophyllus
- CA Bloom Mar - Jun
- Flowers with 4 widely-separated petals mark this as a Mustard Family plant.
- It's smaller in stature than our vigorous non-native mustards.
- CA native
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Compared to our non-native mustards, California Mustard has fewer, smaller, generally white flowers.
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Seed pods are quite narrow and long.
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The whole plant gives a linear apearance.
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California Oatgrass
Danthonia californica
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This bunch grass has flat leaves, about 8" long. Flowering stems arch outwards from the plant center.
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Only 3-6 spikelets in a short inflorescence (about 2"). Branches are flexible and longer than the spikelets.
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Mature spikelets open up, with glumes longer than individual florets. There are 3-8 florets per spikelet.
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California Poppy
Eschscholzia californica
- CA Bloom Feb - Sep
- Height to 18".
- Flowers have four large overlapping petals. They're orange most places, but usually yellow with an orange center along the coast.
- CA native, and the state flower
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Thin orange petals overlap each other. Notice the sheath covering the young bud. Petals close at night and open in the morning.
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Leaves are grey-green and are much divided. The round flat base just below the petals is distinctive and edged in rose-pink.
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Across the state, California Poppies fill grassy areas with an orange display from April to July.
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California Saxifrage
Micranthes californica
- CA Bloom Mar - Apr
- Stem to 1 foot tall, with several delicate white flowers with red-tipped stamens.
- Long-stemmed basal leaves and few or no leaves on the stem.
- Likes shade and moist conditions.
- CA native
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Five white petals, red-tipped stamens, green center.
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Basal leaves have stems, or oval, and often have teeth or lobes.
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Plant is about 1 foot tall, with basal leaves and flowers at the top.
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Cape Ivy
Delairea odorata
CA Bloom Nov - Mar
Yellow flower
Tiny petals
Alternate leaves
Not CA native Highly Invasive
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Cardoon
Cynara cardunculus
CA Bloom Apr - Jul
Violet flower
Tiny petals
Alternate leaves
Not CA native Moderately Invasive
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Cat Tail
Typha latifolia
- Height 5 - 10 ft.
- CA Bloom May - Jun
- Leaves are stiff and grow about 1" wide.
- This cattail is found in salt and freshwater marshes and can grow in 2 feet of water.
- Compare to other Cattails
- CA native
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Male flowers form a narrow, tan spike at the top of the stem. Female flowers form a wider, brown spike. The spikes are close to each other.
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Seeds are borne on the wind, as with dandelions.
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Cattails grow to 10 feet high, always in or near water. Leaves are about 1"
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Chairmaker's Bulrush
Schoenoplectus americanus
Flower
Coastal salt-marsh freshwater-marsh
CA native
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Chaparral Fairyfan
Clarkia affinis
CA Bloom Apr - Jul
Brown, pink, violet flower
Four petals
Alternate leaves
CA native
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